語(yǔ)法知識(shí)歸納(定語(yǔ)從句)
1． 由who, whom, whose引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句。這類定語(yǔ)從句中who用作主語(yǔ)，whom作賓語(yǔ)，whose作定語(yǔ)。
This is the man who helped me.
The doctor (whom) you are looking for is in the room.
Do you know the man whose name is Wang Yu?
在定語(yǔ)從句中，若先行詞指人，其關(guān)系代詞可用who, whom, 也可用that。
The girl who/that is speaking at the meeting is our monitor.
The boy (who/whom/that) you saw just now is my brother.
在下列情況下多用或須用 who
① 關(guān)系代詞在從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，多用who.
Do you know the man who spoke just now?
The doctor who treated me was very experienced.
②先行詞為all, anyone, one, ones等時(shí)，多用who。
All who heard the news were excited.
Anyone who breaks the rule will be punished.
③先行詞為those和people時(shí)多用who。
Those who want to go please sign their names here.
People who can see sometimes act just as foolishly.
④在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)須用who，作賓語(yǔ)須用whom。
Tom’s father, who is over sixty, still works hard.
Mr Green, whom you saw in the library yesterday, will teach us physics next term.
⑤在被分割的定語(yǔ)從句中須用who.
A new teacher will come tomorrow who will teach you German.
⑥在以there be開頭的句子中多用who.
There is a stranger who wants to see our headmaster.
⑦一個(gè)句子中帶有兩個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句，其中一個(gè)關(guān)系代詞是that，另一個(gè)須用who。
The student who was praised at the meeting is the monitor that is modest and studies very hard.
Whose引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句應(yīng)注意以下幾點(diǎn)：
① whose引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，其后應(yīng)緊跟名詞，構(gòu)成名詞短語(yǔ)。
That’s the child whose father is an engineer.
② whose引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，其先行詞不僅可以指人，還可以指物。
Mr King, whose legs were badly hurt, was quickly hurt, was quickly taken to hospital.
It was a meeting whose importance I didn’t realize at the time.
I saw a tree whose leaves were black with disease.
③ whose在定語(yǔ)從句中與它所修飾的名詞一起可作介詞的賓語(yǔ)，可以與介詞放在先行詞與從句之間。
The boss in whose department Mr King worked had heard about the accident.
Tom, on whose bike I went to school is a friend of mine.
④whose的先行詞指物時(shí), 可用of which代替, 但詞序不同，即whose+名詞=the +名詞 +of which
The novel whose title( the title of which) is Red and Black is very interesting.
He lives in the room whose window( the window of which) faces south.
2 which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句
which在從句中作主語(yǔ)或謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞或介詞的賓語(yǔ)。
This is the book which you want.
The building which stands near the river is our school.
The room in which there is a machine is a workshop.
注意：whom, which作介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，介詞一般可放在之前，也可放在從句原來(lái)的位置上。介詞放于前面時(shí)，作賓語(yǔ)的關(guān)系到代詞不能省略。在含有介詞的動(dòng)詞固定詞組中，介詞只能放在原來(lái)的位置上。
There was no single person the street to whom she could turn for help.
This is the person whom you are looking for.
3．由that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句
that在定語(yǔ)從句中可以指人或物，在從句中作主語(yǔ)或謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)。但不能放在介詞后面作賓語(yǔ)。
The letter (that) I received was from my father.
注意：在下面幾種情況下必須用that 引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句：
①先行詞是不定代詞all, few, little, much, something, nothing, anything等。
All (that) we have to do is to practice every day.
② 先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞的最高級(jí)修飾。
The first lesson (that) I learned will never be forgotten.
③先行詞被all, any, every, few, little, no, some 等修飾。
I have read all the books (that) you gave me.
④ 先行詞被the only, the very, the same, the last, just修飾時(shí)。
He is the only person ( that) I want to talk to.
⑤先行詞既有人又有物時(shí)。
They talked of things and persons (that) they remembered in the school.
⑥ 當(dāng)主語(yǔ)是以who或which開頭的特殊疑問(wèn)句時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句須用that，以免與先行詞重復(fù)。
Who is the boy that was here just now?
Which of us that knows something about physics does not know this?
⑦ 當(dāng)先行詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作表語(yǔ)時(shí)。
The village is no longer the one that it used to be.
4.as引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句
as 用作關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，構(gòu)成, the same …as…, such…as…, so…as…等結(jié)構(gòu)。
I like the same book as you have.
I shall do it again in the same way as you did.
I want to have such a dictionary as he has.
注意：此處要注意定語(yǔ)從句和狀語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別。試比較：
Mr Chen gave us such a difficult question as nobody worked out.
Mr Chen gave us such a difficult question that nobody worked it out.
注意：①關(guān)系代詞在從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的人稱和數(shù)必須和先行詞保持一致。
Those who are against the plan please sign your names here.
Anyone who breaks the law is to be punished.
Tom is one of the students who were praised by the teacher yesterday.
Tom is the one of the students who was praised by the teacher yesterday.
② 關(guān)系代詞whom, which, that在限定性定語(yǔ)從句中作動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)或介詞賓語(yǔ)，而該介詞又位于從句末尾時(shí)，經(jīng)常省略，但as一般不省略。
同位語(yǔ)從句與定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別：
① 從意義上：同位語(yǔ)從句對(duì)名詞作補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明或進(jìn)行解釋，而定語(yǔ)從句進(jìn)行修飾，限定，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)形容詞的作用。
② 從結(jié)構(gòu)上：同位語(yǔ)從句由連接代詞/副詞引導(dǎo)，最常用的連接詞一般不省略，也不在從句中擔(dān)任成分，而定語(yǔ)從句由關(guān)系代詞/副詞引導(dǎo)，在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)不能省略作賓語(yǔ)可省略。
③從涵義上：同位語(yǔ)從句與所說(shuō)明解釋的名詞無(wú)邏輯關(guān)系，而定語(yǔ)從句所修飾的名詞是該從句邏輯上的主、賓、表、定、狀語(yǔ)等。例如：
The news that our team lost the game disappointed all of us.
The news that you told me yesterday is so disappointing.
④同位語(yǔ)從句對(duì)說(shuō)明解釋的名詞有所限制，大多是一些表示抽象概念的名詞，而定語(yǔ)從句所修飾限定的先行詞無(wú)限制，即可指人，又可指物。
定語(yǔ)從句補(bǔ)充強(qiáng)化練習(xí)
1. The most important thing _______ we should pay attention to is the first thing _______I have said.
A. which; that B. that; which C. which; which D. that; that
2. She spent the whole evening talking about the things and persons _______ none of us has ever heard of.
A. which B. who C. whom D. that
3. He never reads anything ________ is not worth reading.
A. which B. that C. who D. as
4. I have bought such a watch _________ was advertised on TV.
A. that B. which C. as D. it
5. The house ________ roof was damaged has now been repaired.
A. which its B. whose C. that he D. that
6. The pen ________ he writes is a Hero 60.
A. with it B. with which C. with what D. with whom
7. This is the very bus _________ we’ll go to the theatre.
A. in that B. what C. by which D. on which
8. He is the only one of the teachers __________ Spanish in our school.
A. who teaches B. who teach C. which teaches D. that teach
9. I’m not the person who _________ to be frightened by such a horrible scene.
A. am B. is C. are D. was
10. The girl I saw _______ brown hair and blue eyes.
A. had she B. she had C. has D. had
DDBCB BDABD
責(zé)任編輯：李芳芳